Contents

Preface...5

Ⅰ. Outline...19
1. Purpose and necessity of the publication of the white paper on religious freedom in North Korea 2016...19
2. Method of investigation...21
3. Subject and content of the investigation,,,24
4. Expectations and constraints of the investigation...25

Ⅱ. Signification of religious freedom...29
1. Concept of religious freedom...29
2. Subjects of religious freedom...35
3. Contents of religious freedom...36
4. Limitations and restrictions of religious freedom...40

Ⅲ. Present state of religion in North Korea...42
1. The meaning of religion in North Korea...42
2. Periodization of North Korea’s religious policy changes...49
1) Period of restricted religious freedom: 1945~1948...52
2) Period of suppressed religious freedom: 1949~1953...57
3) Period of obliterated religious freedom: 1954~1971...63
4) Period of taking advantage of religious organizations: 1972~1987...70
5) Period of operation of religious facilities: 1988~1997...75
6) Period of strengthened persecution of unofficial religious activities: 1998~present...82
3. Religious activities in North Korea...85
1) Outline of religions in North Korea...85
2) Types of religion in North Korea...95
4. Religious exchanges with the outside world...117
1) Inter-Korean religious exchanges...117
2) Religious exchanges between international religious organizations and North Korea...142

Ⅳ. The reality of religious freedom and religious persecution in North Korea...148
1. Level of awareness on religious freedom in North Korea...149
1) Research outline...149
2) Level of perception on religious freedom...157
2. Actual practice of religion in North Korea...183
1) Access to religion...183
2) Access to and supply of religious items...190
3) Official religious activities and secret religious activities (underground churches)...194
3. Actual state of North Korean authorities’ religious persecution...202
1) Overview of religious persecution in North Korea...202
2) Information on North Koreans involved in religious persecution...210
3) Information on cases of religious persecution in North Korea...229
4. Cases of religious persecution in North Korea...237
1) Religious persecution during the investigation process...239
2) Imprisonment in political prison camps...244
3) Imprisonment in prisons...251
4) Public and secret executions...255
5) Disappearance after arrest...258
6) Detecting people involved in religious activities by using spies...262
7) Other...265
8) Findings...267

Ⅴ. Conclusion...269

References...279

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